Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic. How has it changed?

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objectives were to describe the RSV epidemic in 2021 and compare it with the previous years to the pandemic. METHODS: Retrospective study performed in Madrid (Spain) in a large pediatric hospital comparing the epidemiology and clinical data of RSV admissions during 2021 and the two previous seasons. RESULTS: 899 children were admitted for RSV infection during the study period. During 2021, the outbreak peaked in June and the last cases were identified in July. Previous seasons were detected in autumn-winter. The number of admissions in 2021 was significantly lower than in previous seasons. There were no differences between seasons regarding age, sex or disease severity. CONCLUSION: RSV hospitalizations during 2021 in Spain moved to summer with no cases in autumn and winter 2020-2021. Unlike other countries, clinical data were similar between epidemics.

Um estudo sobre os incentivos federais no período da pandemia de Covid-19

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar de que maneira o Governo Federal Brasileiro, através das leis de incentivos fiscais, tem potencializado a atividade econômica das empresas, destacando o atual cenário socioeconômico causado pela pandemia de COVID-19. A pesquisa foi classificada em qualitativa, documental, bibliográfica, básica e descritiva. Foram analisadas as normas federais de incentivos fiscais existentes, no Brasil, até o mês de março de 2020, totalizando onze normas. Em seguida, foi verificado se ocorreram alterações, no período de março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021, e se houve publicações de novas normas federais de incentivos fiscais. As conclusões são que das normas federais já instituídas, em março de 2020, seis sofreram alterações: Lei Rouanet;Lei de Informática;Lei do Audiovisual;Lei de Incentivo ao Esporte;Lei da Desoneração da Folha de Pagamento;e Lei do Drawback. No tocante às normas federais instituídas no período, não houve instituição de incentivos fiscais, os quais as empresas precisavam para conseguir manter seus fluxos de caixa, potencializar suas atividades socioeconômicas e amenizar os impactos causados pela pandemia de COVID-19, o que fez sobressair certa morosidade nos trâmites de aprovação dos projetos de Lei. Possivelmente, os benefícios já concedidos precisariam ser prorrogados ou ajustados.Alternate :This work had the general objective of analyzing how the Brazilian Federal Government, through tax incentive laws, has enhanced the economic activity of companies, highlighting the current socioeconomic scenario caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was classified as qualitative, documental, bibliographic, basic and descriptive. The federal rules on tax incentives that exist in Brazil until March 2020 were analyzed, totaling eleven rules. Then, it was verified if there were any changes in the period from March 2020 to December 2021, and if there were publications of new federal rules on tax incentives. The conclusions are that of the federal norms already instituted, in March 2020, six have undergone changes: Rouanet Law;Informatics Law;Audiovisual Law;Sports Incentive Law;Payroll Exemption Law;and Drawback Law. Regarding the federal regulations instituted in the period, there was no institution of tax incentives, which the companies needed to be able to maintain their cash flow, enhance their socio-economic activities and mitigate the impacts caused by the COVID19 pandemic, which highlighted a certain slowness in the approval procedures of the Law projects. Possibly, the benefits already granted would need to be extended or adjusted.

The cultural curriculum of Physical Education in emergency remote education / O currículo cultural da Educação Física no ensino remoto emergencial / El currículo cultural de Educación Física en educación remota de emergencia

O ensino remoto emergencial foi adotado por algumas redes de ensino brasileiras durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Diante disso, a presente investigação de caráter qualitativo se propôs a analisar dois relatos de experiências escritos por docentes que afirmam colocar em ação o currículo cultural da Educação Física, objetivando identificar os limites e possibilidades da proposta diante das dificuldades impostas pelo contexto pandêmico. A pesquisa evidenciou que essa vertente proporciona a flexibilidade necessária ao ensino remoto emergencial, contribuindo, portanto, para a permanência de um trabalho pedagógico de qualidade e possibilitando a continuidade do distanciamento social, até que seja seguro o retorno às aulas presenciais (AU).

Emergency remote learning was adopted by some Brazilian education networks during the COVID-19 pandemic. In view of this, this qualitative investigation aimed to analyze two experience reports prepared by teachers who claim to put into action the cultural curriculum of Physical Education, aiming to identify the limits and possibilities of the proposal in view of the difficulties imposed by the pandemic context. The research showed that this aspect provides the necessary flexibility for emergency remote teaching, thus contributing to the permanence of quality pedagogical work and enabling the continuation of social distancing, until it is safe to return to in-person classes (AU).

El aprendizaje remoto de emergencia fue adoptado por algunas redes educativas brasileñas durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Ante esto, esta investigación cualitativa tuvo como objetivo analizar dos relatos de experiencia escritos por docentes que pretenden poner en marcha el currículo cultural de Educación Física, con el objetivo de identificar los límites y posibilidades de la propuesta ante las dificultades que impone el contexto pandémico. La investigación mostró que este aspecto brinda la flexibilidad necesaria para la enseñanza remota de emergencia, contribuyendo así a la permanencia de un trabajo pedagógico de calidad y permitiendo la continuación del aislamiento social, hasta que sea seguro regresar a las clases presenciales (AU).

'Feeling disconnected' - risk factors for PGD and themes in grief counselling during the COVID-19 pandemic. A mixed-method study.

Background: Due to its high death toll and measures to curb the pandemic, COVID-19 has affected grieving experiences and may contribute to risk factors for Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). Persons at risk for PGD often seek support from grief counselling.Objective: To explore whether pandemic-associated risk factors have become more important topics in counselling in a mixed-method design.Method: German grief counsellors (n = 93) rated whether pre-defined risk factors had become more important in grief counselling and indicated additional important themes in an open format.Results: The counsellors indicated that all pre-defined risk factors had become more important, though differing significantly in their frequency. Most frequently endorsed risk factors were lack of social support, limited possibilities to accompany a dying loved one and absence of traditional grief rituals. Qualitative analysis identified three additional themes: the societal impact of the pandemic, its impact on bereavement support and health care, and a chance for personal growth.Conclusions: The pandemic has affected bereavement experiences and grief counselling. Counsellors should monitor grief processes and specific risk factors to provide the best possible care for bereaved people when needed.

Pandemic-associated risk factors for PGD have become more important topics in grief counselling during COVID-19.Risk factors include especially a lack of social support, limited possibility to accompany a dying significant other and absence of traditional grief rituals.Future research is needed to investigate whether monitoring and addressing these risk factors can improve bereavement care.

The staff's perception of level of clinical competence of graduating dental students amid COVID-19: A qualitative research in one Saudi dental school

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had a huge impact on dental education and assessment. This study focuses on the changes made to the delivery of teaching, assessment, and clinical competence of the final year students enrolled on the dentistry programme of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Qassim University during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: This is a full qualitative study that uses semi-structured interviews to focus on the faculty members of one dental school in Saudi Arabia. The online interviews were performed using Zoom platform. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Themes were gathered and grouped into emerging topics. Purposive sampling method was adopted and continued until data saturation was achieved. Results: The change to online delivery of teaching proved to be a good solution for the cohort immediately affected by COVID, however, the online delivery of teaching placed significant amount of added pressure on faculty members. The work-life boundaries blurred and most staff complaint of long hours of working, mostly into the late evening. Despite the fact that the COVID graduating cohort achieved less clinical experience compared to typical graduates, a useful agreement between the University and college allowed newly graduated dentists to focus on the areas of low experience during their first rotation of their internship. Conclusion: Despite COVID's challenges and lockdowns and its effect on teaching and assessment, staff believed that students were graduating at a safe beginner level. With mitigating strategies in place, the newly graduated dentists achieved the same amount of experience as a typical graduate but over a slightly prolonged span of time. Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo un gran impacto en la educación y evaluación dental. Este estudio se centra en los cambios realizados en la entrega de la enseñanza, la evaluación y la competencia clínica de los estudiantes de último año matriculados en el programa de odontología de la Facultad de Medicina Dental de la Universidad Qassim durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y métodos: Este es un estudio cualitativo completo que utiliza entrevistas semiestructuradas para centrarse en los miembros de la facultad de una escuela de odontología en Arabia Saudita. Las entrevistas en línea se realizaron utilizando la plataforma Zoom. Las entrevistas se transcribieron literalmente y se analizaron utilizando un análisis temático. Los temas se reunieron y agruparon en temas emergentes. Se adoptó y continuó el método de muestreo intencional hasta que se logró la saturación de datos. Resultados: El cambio a la entrega en línea de la enseñanza resultó ser una buena solución para la cohorte inmediatamente afectada por el COVID, sin embargo, la entrega en línea de la enseñanza ejerció una cantidad significativa de presión adicional sobre los miembros de la facultad. Los límites de la vida laboral se difuminaron y la mayoría del personal se queja de largas horas de trabajo, sobre todo hasta altas horas de la noche. A pesar del hecho de que la cohorte de graduados de COVID logró menos experiencia clínica en comparación con los graduados típicos, un acuerdo útil entre la Universidad y la facultad permitió a los dentistas recién graduados centrarse en las áreas de baja experiencia durante su primera rotación de su pasantía. Conclusión: A pesar de los desafíos y confinamientos de COVID y su efecto en la enseñanza y la evaluación, el personal creía que los estudiantes se estaban graduando a un nivel principiante seguro. Con las estrategias de mitigación en vigor, los dentistas recién graduados lograron la misma cantidad de experiencia que un graduado típico, pero durante un lapso de tiempo ligeramente prolongado.

Telemedicine in Brazil: threats to the protection of personal data due to both easing of pandemic measures and poor regulation / Telemedicina no Brasil: ameaças à proteção de dados pessoais em decorrência da flexibilização da pandemia e da regulamentação precária

O presente trabalho analisou os riscos envolvidos na utilização dos recursos de telessaúde e telemedicina, autorizados durante a pandemia de covid-19, sem um correspondente amadurecimento com relação aos requisitos necessários para garantir a segurança dos dados pessoais e dados pessoais sensíveis de seus usuários, seja pela recente entrada em vigor da Lei n. 13.709/2018, seja pela incipiente criação da Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados, que ainda caminha no sentido de se estruturar organicamente. Sob o lume da metodologia civil-constitucional capitaneada por Perlingieri, o artigo destacou a necessidade de que os requisitos tecnológicos abarcados nas relações privadas sejam devidamente adequados aos valores intrínsecos àqueles delineados no texto constitucional, tendo as normas de direito civil como importante vetor na garantia de tal aplicação. A partir de pesquisa qualitativa, valendo-se de fontes indiretas, inclusive legislação estrangeira, e análise à luz da metodologia dedutiva, elencou-se uma série de considerações para a aplicação de recursos da telemedicina no Brasil de maneira adequada e em sintonia com a proteção de dados pessoais de seus cidadãos.

The present work analyzed the risks involved in the use of telehealth and telemedicine resources, authorized during the covid-19 pandemic, without a corresponding maturity in relation to the necessary requirements to guarantee the security of personal data and sensitive personal data of users, whether by the recent entry into force of Law no. 13,709/2018, or the incipient creation of the National Data Protection Authority, which is still moving towards an organic structure. Under the light of the civilconstitutional methodology led by Perlingieri, the article highlights the need for technological requirements encompassed in private relations to be duly adapted to the intrinsic values of those outlined in the constitutional text, with the norms of civil law as an important vector in guaranteeing such an application. Based on qualitative research, using indirect sources, including foreign legislation, and analysis in the light of deductive methodology, a series of considerations are listed for the application of telemedicine resources in Brazil in an adequate manner and in line with the protection of personal data of citizens.

PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO DE CÁNCER DE MAMA EN MUJERES QUE ACUDEN A QUIMIOTERAPIA DURANTE EL CONTEXTO DE PANDEMIA POR COVID19

RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer de mama es la principal causa de muerte en México, por lo que la alfabetización en salud durante la pandemia de Covid19 resulta de gran importancia para reducir la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad y grado de satisfacción de un programa educativo oncológico durante la pandemia de covid19. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental pre-post intervención educativa (programa educativo breve), en 31 pacientes que acudieron a quimioterapia durante la pandemia entre abril y julio 2021, incluyendo educación sobre Covid19, educación terapéutica sobre cáncer de mama y herramientas de promoción de salud. El alfabetismo en salud se analizó mediante prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon, para muestras relacionadas. Resultados: la prueba de Wilcoxon fue estadísticamente significativa pre-post programa educativo (Z − 4.876, p < 0,001) con un incremento del 70% al 83.3% de aciertos post programa educativo y un grado de satisfacción del 87.09%. Conclusión: un programa educativo breve, implementado en un hospital oncológico durante la pandemia, es eficaz para incrementar el alfabetismo en salud y es bien valorado por las participantes. Introduction: breast cancer is the most important cause of death in Mexico, so health literacy during the Covid19 pandemic is very important to reduce morbidity and mortality. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness and satisfaction of an educational oncology program during the covid-19 pandemic. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental study pre-post educational intervention (brief educational program), in 31 patients who underwent chemotherapy during the pandemic between April and July 2021, including Covid19 education, therapeutic education in breast cancer and health promotion recommendations. Health literacy was analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank test for related samples. Results: the Wilcoxon test was statistically significant pre-post educational program (Z − 4.876, p < 0.001) with an increase from 70% to 83.3% of correct answers after the educational program and a satisfaction of 87.09%. Conclusion: a brief educational program, implemented in a cancer hospital during the pandemic, is effective in increasing health literacy and is highly valued by the participants.

Indicadores de sufrimiento y placer en trabajadores de la salud en la primera línea del COVID-19

Objetivo evaluar indicadores de sufrimiento y placer en trabajadores de la salud en la primera línea de atención de casos sospechosos o confirmados de COVID-19. Método estudio exploratorio, analítico, transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra estudiada estuvo conformada por 437 profesionales de la salud invitados por medios electrónicos, que respondieron el cuestionario sobre información sociodemográfica, aspectos ocupacionales y condiciones clínicas. Se consideraron como resultados el sufrimiento y el placer en el trabajo, que fueron analizados con regresión logística multinomial en cuanto a las variables independientes asociadas. Resultados la mayoría de los participantes era de sexo femenino (71,0%), enfermera (55,6%), tenía una jornada laboral semanal de 40 horas o más (75,8%);el 61,6% de los participantes presentaban sufrimiento mental. En cuanto a las características psicosociales del trabajo, los participantes lo consideraron de alta exigencia y bajo apoyo social, 23,8% y 52,9% respectivamente. En el análisis múltiple, la angustia y la falta de placer en el trabajo se asociaron con una alta exigencia laboral, poco apoyo de los compañeros de trabajo y sufrimiento mental. La profesión también está asociada al sufrimiento en el trabajo. Conclusión el sufrimiento y la falta de placer en el trabajo se asocian con características ocupacionales y el agotamiento mental en los trabajadores de la salud en el escenario del COVID-19.

Maternidade e cuidado na pandemia entre brasileiras de classe média e média alta

A pandemia de Covid-19 incidiu diretamente sobre os arranjos e exercício do cuidado interpelado às mulheres. Investigou-se como mulheres mães exerceram esses cuidados, as mudanças ocorridas nesse exercício e os efeitos ressentidos, por meio de um survey online (N = 5.643). Responderam principalmente mulheres brancas de classe média a alta com escolarização avançada. Mesmo para esse segmento privilegiado, constatou-se que a pandemia exacerbou as desigualdades de gênero no cuidado doméstico e familiar. As mulheres encontravam-se sobrecarregadas e cansadas;sozinhas na encruzilhada entre trabalho profissional e trabalho de cuidados múltiplos;cuidando muito e sendo pouco cuidadas;muito disponíveis para outros e pouco disponíveis para si;e relataram culpa e sentimento de inadequação no cuidado e relação com os filhos.Alternate : The Covid-19 pandemic has directly affected the configuration of unpaid care work that women are routinely called upon to exercise. We investigated changes in how women mothers exercised this care and the effects of these changes on them, using an online questionnaire (N = 5.643). Respondents were mainly middle and higher class, white, with high educational levels. Even for this privileged segment, the pandemic was found to exacerbate gender inequalities in domestic and family care. The women were overworked and tired;alone at the crossroads between professional work and multiple care work;caring a lot and being little cared for;constantly available to others and very little to themselves;and reported feelings of guilt and inadequacy related to the care of and relationship with their children.Alternate : La pandemia de Covid-19 ha afectado directamente a la configuración del trabajo de cuidados no remunerado que las mujeres son habitualmente llamadas a realizar. Investigamos los cambios en cómo las madres ejercían este cuidado y los efectos de estos cambios en ellas, utilizando un cuestionario en línea (N = 5.643). Las encuestadas fueron principalmente mujeres blancas, de clase media y media alta, con altos niveles educativos. Incluso para este segmento privilegiado, se encontró que la pandemia exacerbó las desigualdades de género en el cuidado doméstico y familiar. Las mujeres reportaron cansancio y soledad en la encrucijada entre el trabajo profesional y el trabajo de cuidados múltiples;se percibían cuidando mucho y recibiendo poco cuidado;se veían como siempre disponibles para los demás y muy poco disponibles para ellas mismas;y reportaron sentimientos de culpa e insuficiencia relacionados con el cuidado y la relación con sus hijos.

Efecto del confinamiento por COVID-19 sobre el estilo de vida en población universitaria de Argentina: Evaluación de la actividad física, alimentación y sueño (Effect of Confinement by COVID-19 on the Lifestyle of the University Population of Argentina: E

Objective: to determine lifestyle changes, such as physical activity, nutrition, and sleep in an Argentinean university population, caused by confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional study via web survey. 1021 the Argentinean university population (women, n = 645 and men, n = 376) aged between 18–70 years old was participate. Survey was utilized to measure participant physical activity behavior, nutrition, and sleep April to May 2020. Results: the main findings revealed that 4.3% of the sample showed obesity;the highest proportion of the sample stayed more than 6 hours in a sedentary status;21.74% reported bad sleep quality;a reduction in good feeding pattern;and an increase in subjects who do not perform physical activity. According to socio-demographic and anthropometric factors, being a student (OR 2.19, CI95% 1.18 - 4, p= .012), overweight (OR 1.71, CI95% 1.19 – 2.44, p= .003), obesity (OR 4.45, CI95% 2.27 – 8.7, p< .001), and have been confined more than 45 days was associated with bad feeding. Likewise, low physical activity levels were associated with obesity (OR 3.2 CI95% 1.66 – 6.18, p= .001), being female (OR 1.61, CI95% 1.14 –2.28, p= .006) and get married (OR 1.72, CI95% 1.14 – 2.61, p= .009). Moreover, being a student was associated with poor sleep quality (OR 43.6, CI95%5.4 – 350, p< .001). Conclusion: This study suggests that confinement decreased healthy living habits such as good nutrition and physical activity and affected the quality of sleep in young subjects. Alternate :Objetivo: determinar los cambios en el estilo de vida, como la actividad física, la nutrición y el sueño en una población universitaria argentina, causados por el confinamiento durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta por Internet. Participaron 1021 personas de la población universitaria argentina (mujeres, n = 645 y hombres, n = 376) de entre 18 y 70 años de edad. La encuesta fue utilizada para medir el comportamiento de la actividad física, la nutrición y el sueño de los participantes de abril a mayo de 2020.Resultados: los principales hallazgos mostraron que el 4,3% de la muestra presentaba obesidad;la mayor proporción de la muestra permaneció más de 6 horas en estado sedentario;el 21,74% informó sobre la mala calidad del sueño;una reducción de los hábitos correctos de alimentación;y un aumento de los participantes que no realizan actividad física. De acuerdo con factores socio-demográficos y antropométricos, ser estudiante (OR 2.19, CI95% 1.18 - 4, p= .012), el sobrepeso (OR 1.71, CI95% 1.19 - 2.44, p= .003), la obesidad (OR 4.45, CI95% 2.27 - 8.7, p< .001), y haber estado confinado más de 45 días se asoció con una mala alimentación. Asimismo, los bajos niveles de actividad física se asociaron con la obesidad (OR 3,2;IC95% 1,66 - 6,18, p= .001), ser mujer (OR 1,61;IC95% 1,14 -2,28, p= .006) y estar casado (OR 1,72;IC95% 1,14 - 2,61, p= .009). Además, ser estudiante se asoció con una mala calidad de sueño (OR 43,6, CI95% 5,4 - 350, p< .001). Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere que el confinamiento disminuyó los hábitos de vida saludables como la buena nutrición, la actividad física, y afectó la calidad del sueño en sujetos jóvenes.Alternate :Objetivo: determinar mudanças no estilo de vida, como atividade física, nutrição e sono em uma população universitária argentina, causadas pelo confinamento durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Estudo transversal via web survey. Participou 1.021 a população universitária argentina (mulheres, n = 645 e homens, n = 376) com idade entre 18 e 70 anos. A pesquisa foi utilizada para medir o comportamento de atividade física, nutrição e sono dos participantes de abril a maio de 2020. Resultados: os principais achados revelaram que 4,3% da amostra apresentava obesidade;a maior proporção da amostra permaneceu mais de 6 horas em sedentarismo;21,74% relataram má qualidade do sono;uma redução no bom padrão de alimentação;e aumento de sujeitos que não realizam atividade física. De acordo com fatores sociodemográficos e antropométricos, ser estudante (OR 2,19, IC95% 1,18 - 4, p = 0,012), sobrepeso (OR 1,71, IC95% 1,19 - 2,44, p = 0,003), obesidade (OR 4,45, IC95% 2,27 - 8,7, p <0,001) e ter sido confinado por mais de 45 dias foi associado a má alimentação. Da mesma forma, baixos níveis de atividade física foram associados à obesidade (OR 3,2 IC95% 1,66 - 6,18, p = 0,001), ser do sexo feminino (OR 1,61, IC95% 1,14 -2,28, p = 0,006) e casar (OR 1,72, IC95 % 1,14 - 2,61, p = 0,009). Além disso, ser estudante foi associado à má qualidade do sono (OR 43,6, IC95% 5,4 - 350, p <0,001). Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que o confinamento diminuiu hábitos de vida saudáveis, como boa alimentação e atividade física, e afetou a qualidade do sono em jovens.

Addictions: current perspectives.

This paper seeks to integrate the perspectives of analytical psychology and neurobiology in order to understand the phenomenon of addiction in contemporary society, taking into account the COVID-19 pandemic. Jung emphasizes the role of the psyche's self-regulation and the development of consciousness in the individuation process. The search for experiences of transcendence is archetypal and can be achieved by the use of some substances or behaviours and can contribute to individuation. However, in contemporary society, many individuals seek to restore internal balance through behaviours that merely soothe discomfort. The difficulty in discerning use, abuse, and dependence, particularly in the case of behavioural addictions, is discussed and neurobiological factors are presented. Empathic relationships play a key role in this process as they can promote the integration of the right and left hemispheres, integrating non-verbal experiences and language, contributing to self-regulation. Jung emphasizes the importance of real encounters in the transformation process. Currently, meetings have become a source of anguish. The author concludes that more than ever it is necessary to invest in the quality of the interactions to prevent and treat addictions.

Cet article chercher à intégrer les perspectives de la psychologie analytique et de la neurobiologie afin de comprendre le phénomène de l'addiction dans la société contemporaine, en tenant compte de la pandémie de COVID-19. Jung a souligné le rôle autorégulateur de la psyché et le développement de la conscience dans le processus d'individuation. La recherche d'expériences de transcendance est archétypale et peut être atteinte par l'utilisation de certaines substances ou certains comportements et elle peut contribuer à l'individuation. Néanmoins dans la société contemporaine, beaucoup de personnes cherchent à restaurer l'équilibre intérieur par des comportements qui visent simplement à apaiser l'inconfort. La difficulté à différencier entre l'utilisation, l'abus, et la dépendance, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les addictions comportementales - est étudiée et les facteurs neurobiologiques sont exposés. Les relations empathiques jouent un rôle clé dans ce processus parce qu'elles peuvent promouvoir l'intégration des hémisphères droit et gauche, intégrant les expériences non-verbales et le langage, contribuant à l'autorégulation. Jung souligne l'importance des rencontres réelles dans le processus de transformation. En ce moment les réunions sont devenues une source d'angoisse. L'auteur conclut qu'il est plus que jamais nécessaire d'investir dans la qualité des interactions afin de prévenir et de soigner les addictions.

El presente trabajo busca integrar perspectivas de psicología analítica y neurobiología en vistas a la comprensión del fenómeno de la adicción en la sociedad contemporánea, tomando en cuenta la pandemia del COVID-19. Jung enfatiza el rol auto-regulador de la psique y el desarrollo de la consciencia en el proceso de individuación. La búsqueda de experiencias de trascendencia es arquetípica y puede ser alcanzada a través del uso de ciertas sustancias o conductas y puede contribuir al proceso de individuación. Sin embargo, en la sociedad contemporánea, muchos individuos buscan restaurar el balance interno a través de conductas que meramente alivian el malestar. Se discute acerca de la dificultad para discernir uso, abuso y dependencia, particularmente en el caso de conductas adictivas y se presentan los factores neurobiológicos. Las relaciones empáticas juegan un rol fundamental en este proceso en la medida que promueven la integración de los hemisferios derecho e izquierdo, integrando experiencias no-verbales y lenguaje, contribuyendo a la auto-regulación. Jung enfatiza la importancia de encuentros reales en el proceso de transformación. Actualmente, los encuentros se han convertido en una fuente de angustia. La autora concluye que más que nunca se vuelve necesario invertir en la calidad de las interacciones para prevenir y tratar las adicciones.

Este artigo busca integrar as perspectivas da psicologia analítica e da neurobiologia para entender o fenômeno dos vícios na sociedade contemporânea, levando em consideração a pandemia de COVID-19. Jung enfatiza o papel da autorregulação da psique e o desenvolvimento da consciência no processo de individuação. A busca por experiências de transcendência é arquetípica e pode ser alcançada pelo uso de algumas substâncias ou comportamentos e pode contribuir para a individuação. No entanto, na sociedade contemporânea, muitos indivíduos buscam restaurar o equilíbrio interno por meio de comportamentos que apenas acalmam o desconforto. A dificuldade em discernir o uso, abuso e dependência, particularmente no caso de vícios comportamentais, é discutida e fatores neurobiológicos são apresentados. As relações empáticas desempenham um papel fundamental nesse processo, pois podem promover a integração dos hemisférios direito e esquerdo, integrando experiências não verbais e linguagem, contribuindo para a autorregulação. Jung enfatiza a importância de encontros reais no processo de transformação. Atualmente, os encontros se tornaram uma fonte de angústia. O autor conclui que mais do que nunca é necessário investir na qualidade das interações para prevenir e tratar vícios.

Narratives of an Early Years Teacher: A Search for Childhoods' Responses in Pandemic Times

The purpose of this paper is to reveal how the responses of the others compose and expand the narratives of an early years teacher and also how these responses appear in narratives in the context of non-face-to-face and asynchronous support, due to the covid-19 pandemic. The narrative methodology of research in education, in dialogue with the contributions of the Bakhtinian philosophy, was used to interpret the responses materialized in the narratives and the way the teacher reorganizes her work based on them. It was shown that whereas the narratives were related to face-to-face work, the babies' responses came up from the unfinishedness utterances that the teacher produced from her experience with them;as regarding the narratives about non-face-to-face work, the responses came from the utterances produced by the families, based on what they experienced in their relationship with the babies. In both situations, the teacher tried to reorganize her work in relation to the responses of her others. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder induced by fear of coronavirus infection.

BACKGROUND: Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder (ATPD) (ICD-10) is characterized by the sudden onset of psychotic symptoms and can be triggered by psychological stress. In the ICD-10 definition of ATPD, episodes are short-term, lasting from days to three months, followed by complete remission. OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the case of a 37-year-old woman with stress-induced new-onset psychosis instigated by fear of coronavirus infection. METHOD: Physical examinations, paraclinical testing, and neuroimaging excluded an organic cause of symptoms. A thorough anamnestic investigation excluded the presence of other concomitant stress factors as the trigger of the patient's psychotic symptoms. RESULTS: In response to the COVID-19 lockdown, the patient developed excessive concern about coronavirus infection and, consequently, sleeping difficulties. Symptoms intensified, and she was admitted to the psychiatric ward, presenting with hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and disorientation. The clinical picture fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of an Acute and Transient Psychotic Disorder. After one week of antipsychotic treatment, her symptoms had remitted, and the patient was discharged. Albeit, four months after treatment discontinuation, her psychotic symptoms re-emerged, and she was readmitted. The patient recovered from symptoms within 48 hours of treatment initiation with antipsychotics. She later reported to have been stressed and anxious while awaiting her coronavirus test result and, following, had doubted the negative result. CONCLUSION: The present case supports previous reports describing the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on population mental health; the psychological stress caused by the fear of infection can lead to the debut of psychotic manifestations and ATPD.

Objetivo: El Trastorno Psicótico Agudo y Transitorio (ATPD en sus siglas en inglés) (CIE-10) se caracteriza por el inicio súbito de síntomas psicóticos y puede ser gatillado por estrés psicológico. Según la definición de la CIE-10 del ATPD, los episodios son breves, durando desde algunos días hasta tres meses, seguido de remisión completa. Este artículo reporta el caso de una mujer de 37 años con una psicosis de nueva aparición inducida por estrés instigada por el temor a la infección por coronavirus.Método: El examen físico, exámenes de laboratorio, y neuroimagenes excluyeron una causa orgánica de los síntomas. Una investigación anamnéstica exhaustiva excluyó la presencia de otros factores estresantes concomitantes como desencadenantes de los síntomas psicóticos de la paciente.Resultados: En respuesta al confinamiento por COVID 19, la paciente desarrollo una excesiva preocupación por la infección por coronavirus y consecuentemente, dificultades para dormir. Los síntomas se intensificaron y fue hospitalizada en el servicio de psiquiatría, presentando alucinaciones, delirios, discurso desorganizado y desorientación. El cuadro clínico cumplía con los criterios diagnósticos para un Trastorno Psicótico Agudo y Transitorio. Después de una semana de tratamiento con antipsicóticos, sus síntomas habían remitido, y la paciente fue dada de alta. No obstante, cuatro meses después de la discontinuación del tratamiento, reaparecieron sus síntomas psicóticos y fue re- hospitalizada. La paciente se recuperó de los síntomas a las 48 horas del inicio del tratamiento con antipsicóticos. Más tarde informó haber estado estresada y ansiosa mientras esperaba los resultados del test de coronavirus y a continuación había dudado de su resultado negativo.Conclusión: El presente caso apoya reportes previos que describen el efecto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la salud mental de la población: el estrés psicológico causado por el miedo a la infección puede conducir al debut de manifestaciones psicóticas y de ATPD.

COVID-19 Unmasked Global Collaboration Protocol: longitudinal cohort study examining mental health of young children and caregivers during the pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Early empirical data shows that school-aged children, adolescents and adults are experiencing elevated levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, there is very little research on mental health outcomes for young children. OBJECTIVES: To describe the formation of a global collaboration entitled, 'COVID-19 Unmasked'. The collaborating researchers aim to (1) describe and compare the COVID-19 related experiences within and across countries; (2) examine mental health outcomes for young children (1 to 5 years) and caregivers over a 12-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) explore the trajectories/time course of psychological outcomes of the children and parents over this period and (4) identify the risk and protective factors for different mental health trajectories. Data will be combined from all participating countries into one large open access cross-cultural dataset to facilitate further international collaborations and joint publications. METHODS: COVID-19 Unmasked is an online prospective longitudinal cohort study. An international steering committee was formed with the aim of starting a global collaboration. Currently, partnerships have been formed with 9 countries (Australia, Cyprus, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the UK, and the United States of America). Research partners have started to start data collection with caregivers of young children aged 1-5 years old at baseline, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months. Caregivers are invited to complete an online survey about COVID-19 related exposure and experiences, child's wellbeing, their own mental health, and parenting. DATA ANALYSIS: Primary study outcomes will be child mental health as assessed by scales from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Early Childhood (PROMIS-EC) and caregiver mental health as assessed by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). The trajectories/time course of mental health difficulties and the impact of risk and protective factors will be analysed using hierarchical linear models, accounting for nested effects (e.g. country) and repeated measures.

Antecedentes: Los primeros datos empíricos muestran que los niños en edad escolar, los adolescentes y los adultos están experimentando niveles elevados de ansiedad y depresión durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Actualmente, hay muy poca investigación sobre los resultados de salud mental de los niños pequeños. Objetivos: Describir la formación de una colaboración global titulada 'COVID-19 Desenmascarado'. Los investigadores colaboradores tienen como objetivos (1) describir y comparar las experiencias relacionadas con COVID-19 dentro y entre países; (2) examinar los resultados de salud mental de los niños pequeños (de 1 a 5 años) y los cuidadores durante un período de 12 meses durante la pandemia de COVID-19; (3) explorar las trayectorias/temporalidad de los resultados psicológicos de los niños y los padres durante este período e (4) identificar los factores de riesgo y de protección para las diferentes trayectorias de salud mental. Los datos de todos los países participantes se combinarán en un gran conjunto de datos transculturales de acceso abierto para facilitar más colaboraciones internacionales y publicaciones conjuntas. Métodos: COVID-19 Desenmascarado es un estudio de cohorte longitudinal prospectivo en línea. Se formó un comité directivo internacional con el objetivo de iniciar una colaboración global. Actualmente, se han formado asociaciones con 9 países (Australia, Chipre, Grecia, Países Bajos, Polonia, España, Turquía, Reino Unido y Estados Unidos de América). Los socios de investigación han comenzado la recopilación de datos con los cuidadores de niños pequeños de 1 a 5 años al inicio, a los 3 meses, a los 6 meses y a los 12 meses. Se invita a los cuidadores a completar una encuesta en línea sobre la exposición y las experiencias relacionadas con COVID-19, el bienestar del niño, su propia salud mental y parentalidad. Análisis de datos: Los resultados primarios del estudio serán la salud mental infantil según la evaluación de las escalas del Sistema De Información De medición de Resultados Informados Por El Paciente ­ Primera Infancia (PROMIS-EC) y la salud mental del cuidador según la evaluación de la Escala de estrés, ansiedad y depresión (DASS-21). Las trayectorias/temporalidad de las dificultades de salud mental y el impacto de los factores de riesgo y de protección se analizarán utilizando modelos lineales jerárquicos, teniendo en cuenta los efectos anidados (por ejemplo, el país) y las medidas repetidas.

Revelaciones de la pandemia de COVID-19.

"Societies unveil their entrails during a crisis and hide or conceal them in normal situations" is the premise of this essay that offers a propositional critique of the foundations of civilization by characterizing some revelations from the COVID-19 pandemic that seriously compromises the globalized world. Especially the neoliberal myth as the only way of human progress, and technological development as the essence of social progress and main reason for scientific research. Among the significant revelations is the dismantling of the Welfare state and public health services, which render the population's vulnerability in the face of pandemics. Planetary devastation favors its emergence, and the correlation between the despondency of human activities and the (fleeting) improvement of planetary life, which denotes the radical incompatibility between the permanence of neoliberal capitalism that degrades everything and preservation and care of life in its infinite diversity, including human life! Another notion of human progress is proposed: the rise of values involved in the coexistence, and the spiritual, intellectual, and moral growth of the human condition in harmony with the planetary ecosystem. Regarding the deep reasons for the catastrophe, it is argued that it is humanity itself by its way of being, thinking, acting, living together and relating to the planet. Therefore, the conclusion reached is the urgent need to undertake an alternative path in the search for another possible world, hospitable and dignifying for all forms of life.

Bajo la premisa de que «las sociedades revelan sus entrañas en momentos críticos y las ocultan o encubren en situaciones de normalidad¼, este ensayo emprende, a partir de caracterizar algunas revelaciones de la pandemia de COVID-19 ­que ha puesto en jaque al mundo globalizado­, una crítica propositiva de los basamentos de la civilización. En particular, el mito neoliberal como camino único de progreso humano y el del desarrollo tecnológico como esencia del progreso social y razón principal del quehacer científico. Dentro de las revelaciones significativas destaca el desmantelamiento del Estado de bienestar y de los servicios públicos de salud, que hacen vulnerable a la población ante las pandemias; la devastación planetaria, que favorece su emergencia; y la correlación entre el desplome de las actividades humanas y la mejoría (fugaz) de la vida planetaria, que denota la incompatibilidad radical entre la permanencia del capitalismo neoliberal, que todo lo degrada, y la preservación y el cuidado de la vida en su infinita diversidad… ¡la humana incluida! Se propone otra idea de progreso humano: el auge de los valores implicados en la superación espiritual, intelectual, moral y de convivencia en armonía con el ecosistema planetario. Respecto a las razones profundas de la catástrofe, se argumenta que es la propia humanidad por su forma de ser, de pensar, de actuar, de convivir y de relacionarse con el planeta. Por tanto, la conclusión a la que se llega es la urgente necesidad de emprender un camino alternativo en la búsqueda de otro mundo posible, hospitalario y dignificante para todas las formas de vida.

Mental health impact of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish healthcare workers: A large cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers are vulnerable to adverse mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors during the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare professionals in Spain. METHODS: All workers in 18 healthcare institutions (6 AACC) in Spain were invited to web-based surveys assessing individual characteristics, COVID-19 infection status and exposure, and mental health status (May 5 - September 7, 2020). We report: probable current mental disorders (Major Depressive Disorder-MDD- [PHQ-8≥10], Generalized Anxiety Disorder-GAD- [GAD-7≥10], Panic attacks, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -PTSD- [PCL-5≥7]; and Substance Use Disorder -SUD-[CAGE-AID≥2]. Severe disability assessed by the Sheehan Disability Scale was used to identify probable "disabling" current mental disorders. RESULTS: 9,138 healthcare workers participated. Prevalence of screen-positive disorder: 28.1% MDD; 22.5% GAD, 24.0% Panic; 22.2% PTSD; and 6.2% SUD. Overall 45.7% presented any current and 14.5% any disabling current mental disorder. Workers with pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders had almost twice the prevalence than those without. Adjusting for all other variables, odds of any disabling mental disorder were: prior lifetime disorders (TUS: OR=5.74; 95%CI 2.53-13.03; Mood: OR=3.23; 95%CI:2.27-4.60; Anxiety: OR=3.03; 95%CI:2.53-3.62); age category 18-29 years (OR=1.36; 95%CI:1.02-1.82), caring "all of the time" for COVID-19 patients (OR=5.19; 95%CI: 3.61-7.46), female gender (OR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.27-1.96) and having being in quarantine or isolated (OR= 1.60; 95CI:1.31-1.95). CONCLUSIONS: One in seven Spanish healthcare workers screened positive for a disabling mental disorder during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Workers reporting pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders, those frequently exposed to COVID-19 patients, infected or quarantined/isolated, female workers, and auxiliary nurses should be considered groups in need of mental health monitoring and support.

Conducting conservation social science surveys online.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting the environment and conservation research in fundamental ways. Many conservation social scientists are now administering survey questionnaires online, but they must do so while ensuring rigor in data collection. Further, they must address a suite of unique challenges, such as the increasing use of mobile devices by participants and avoiding bots or other survey fraud. We reviewed recent literature on online survey methods to examine the state of the field related to online data collection and dissemination. We illustrate the review with examples of key methodological decisions made during a recent national study of people who feed wild birds, in which survey respondents were recruited through an online panel and a sample generated via a project participant list. Conducting surveys online affords new opportunities for participant recruitment, design, and pilot testing. For instance, online survey panels can provide quick access to large and diverse samples of people. Based on the literature review and our own experiences, we suggest that to ensure high-quality online surveys one should account for potential sampling and nonresponse error, design survey instruments for use on multiple devices, test the instrument, and use multiple protocols to identify data quality problems. We also suggest that research funders, journal editors, and policy makers can all play a role in ensuring high-quality survey data are used to inform effective conservation programs and policies.

RESUMEN: La pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) está afectando al ambiente y a la investigación para la conservación de maneras fundamentales. Muchos científicos sociales de la conservación ahora están aplicando encuestas en línea, pero lo deben hacer mientras aseguran que hay rigor en la recolección de datos. Además, deben abordar un conjunto de retos únicos, como el incremento en el uso de dispositivos móviles por parte de los participantes y la evasión de bots y otros fraudes en las encuestas. Revisamos la literatura reciente sobre los métodos de encuestas en línea para examinar el estado del campo relacionado con la colección y difusión de datos. Ilustramos esta revisión con ejemplos de decisiones metodológicas importantes realizadas durante un estudio nacional de personas que alimentan a aves silvestres, en el cual quienes respondieron la encuesta fueron reclutados por medio de un panel en línea y una muestra fue generada por medio de una lista de participantes en el proyecto. La aplicación de encuestas en línea brinda oportunidades nuevas para el reclutamiento de participantes, diseños y evaluación de pilotos. Por ejemplo, los paneles de las encuestas en línea pueden proporcionar acceso rápido a muestras grandes y diversas de personas. Con base en la revisión de la literatura y en nuestras propias experiencias, sugerimos que para asegurar la elaboración de encuestas en línea de alta calidad uno debe explicar el error potencial de muestreo y por ausencia de respuesta, diseñar instrumentos de encuesta para su uso en diferentes dispositivos, probar el instrumento y usar múltiples protocolos para identificar problemas con la calidad de los datos. También sugerimos que los financiadores de la investigación, los editores de revistas y formuladores de políticas pueden jugar un papel para asegurar que se usen datos de encuestas de alta calidad para orientar a los programas y las políticas de conservación.

Mental health impact of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish healthcare workers: A large cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers are vulnerable to adverse mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We assessed prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors during the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare professionals in Spain. METHODS: All workers in 18 healthcare institutions (6 AACC) in Spain were invited to web-based surveys assessing individual characteristics, COVID-19 infection status and exposure, and mental health status (May 5 - September 7, 2020). We report: probable current mental disorders (Major Depressive Disorder-MDD- [PHQ-8≥10], Generalized Anxiety Disorder-GAD- [GAD-7≥10], Panic attacks, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder -PTSD- [PCL-5≥7]; and Substance Use Disorder -SUD-[CAGE-AID≥2]. Severe disability assessed by the Sheehan Disability Scale was used to identify probable "disabling" current mental disorders. RESULTS: 9,138 healthcare workers participated. Prevalence of screen-positive disorder: 28.1% MDD; 22.5% GAD, 24.0% Panic; 22.2% PTSD; and 6.2% SUD. Overall 45.7% presented any current and 14.5% any disabling current mental disorder. Workers with pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders had almost twice the prevalence than those without. Adjusting for all other variables, odds of any disabling mental disorder were: prior lifetime disorders (TUS: OR=5.74; 95%CI 2.53-13.03; Mood: OR=3.23; 95%CI:2.27-4.60; Anxiety: OR=3.03; 95%CI:2.53-3.62); age category 18-29 years (OR=1.36; 95%CI:1.02-1.82), caring "all of the time" for COVID-19 patients (OR=5.19; 95%CI: 3.61-7.46), female gender (OR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.27-1.96) and having being in quarantine or isolated (OR= 1.60; 95CI:1.31-1.95). CONCLUSIONS: One in seven Spanish healthcare workers screened positive for a disabling mental disorder during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Workers reporting pre-pandemic lifetime mental disorders, those frequently exposed to COVID-19 patients, infected or quarantined/isolated, female workers, and auxiliary nurses should be considered groups in need of mental health monitoring and support.